Mewar Festival, Udaipur
In Rajasthan, men and women traditionally wore necklaces, armlets, anklets,
earings and rings. With the advent of the Mughal Empire, Rajasthan became a major
centre for production of the finest kind of jewellery. It was a true blend of
the Mughal with the Rajasthani craftsmanship.
The Mughals brought sophisticated
design and technical know-how of the Persian with them. The common link was the
inherently decorative nature of the Muslim and Hindu art. The synthesis of the
two cultures resulted in a period of grandeur and brilliance that dazzled the
eyes of foreigners and has passed into legend. The jewellers of Rajasthan specilised
in the setting of precious stones into gold and the enameling of gold. Jaipur
and to some extent Alwar emerged as the enameling centers par excellence in the
eighteenth and nineteenth century. Enameling was introduced by Maharaja Man Singh
who had cordial relations with Akbar.
The enameled gold staff of the
Maharaja is unsurpassed even today for its brilliant colours. For enameling the
piece to be worked on is fixed on a stick of lac and delicate designs if flowers,
birds and fishes are etched on it. A wall is made to hold the colours while engravings
are made in the grooves to heighten the interplay of the transparent shades, thus
enhancing the beauty of the jewel. The surface is fully burnished by agate; then
the enamel colours are filled in painstakingly as in a miniature painting.
The article is then left in the oven on a mica plate to keep it off the fire.
Colours are applied in order of their hardness those requiring more later when
set it is rubbed gently with the file and cleaned with lemon or tamarind. The
craftsmen in Jaipur are believed to have originally come from Lahore. In Jaipur
the traditional Mughal colours of red, green and white are most commonly used
in enameling.
A quintessentially Indian technique and a speciality of
Rajasthan is the setting of stones by means of Kundan the jewellery in which stones
are set is rarely solid gold, it has a core of lac, a natural resin. The pieces
which make up the finished object are first shaped by specialised craftsmen (and
soldered together if the shape is complicated) and left in separate hollow halves.
Holes are cut for the stones, any engraving or chasing is carried out and the
pieces are enameled.
When the stones are to be set lac is inserted in
the back and is then holes. Highly refined gold, the Kundan, is then used to cover
the lac and the stone is pushed into the Kundan. More Kundan is applied around
the edges to strengthen the setting and give it a neat appearance. This was the
only form of setting for stones in gold until claw settings were introduced under
the influence under the influence of western jewellery in the nineteenth century.
More than one craftsman was often in the making of a single piece of
jewellery. The chiterias made the design, the ghaarias the engraving the meenakar
and the sunar was the goldsmith. These craftsmen received patronage from the nobles
and the kings and therefore they did not have to compromise their art for the
sake of popular taste.
They could take as long as they liked over a
piece of jewellery. Many of the old styles remain unchanged to this day. In Pratapgarh
a special type of quasi-enameling is done in which extremely fine work on gold
is daintily carried out on green enamel, which forms the base. In Nathdwara a
good deal of enamel work on silver and other metals is done nowadays as a furtherance
to this famous age old craft.
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